面白そうだから作ってみた
.NETクラス使ったら負けというポリシーの人には受け入れられないかもしれんが

$SrcPath #コピー元
$DstPath #コピー先

[System.IO.Directory]::EnumerateFiles($SrcPath, "*", [System.IO.SearchOption]::AllDirectories) |
Where-Object { $_ -notlike "*foo*" } |
Where-Object { $_ -notlike "*bar*"} |
Select-Object @{Name = "FPath"; Expression = {$_} }, @{Name = "RPath"; Expression = {$_.SubString($SrcPath.Length)}} |
ForEach-Object { `
[System.IO.Directory]::CreateDirectory(([System.IO.Path]::GetDirectoryName($DstPath + $_.RPath))) | Out-Null; `
Copy-Item $_.FPath -Destination ($DstPath + $_.RPath) `
}