enum使うなら専用のクラス作るとかね

class Table<Row, Column, Value> {
 Map<Row, Map<Column, Value>> data;

 Table() {
  data = new HashMap<>();
 }

 void put(Row row, Column column, Value value) {
  Map<Column, Value> record = data.get(row);
  if (record == null) {
   record = new HashMap<>();
   data.put(row, record);
  }
  record.put(column, value);
 }

 Value get(Row row, Column column) {
  Map<Column, Value> record = data.get(row);
  if (record == null) {
   return null;
  }
  return record.get(column);
 }
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
 Table<SexType, BloodType, String> table = new Table<>();
 table.put(SexType.MALE, BloodType.A, "鈴木さん");
 System.out.println(table.get(SexType.MALE, BloodType.A));
}