>>656
PowerShellのBigIntなら、

$b = @(0)
1..8 |% {$b += $b |% {$_ + 1}}

function bit_count([BigInt]$n)
{
  ($b[[BigInt]::Abs($n).ToByteArray()] | measure -sum).Sum
}

65535, 15, 6, 1, 0, -1, -6, -15, -65535, [BigInt]::Pow(123, 45) |% {
  "$_ → $(bit_count $_)"
}

[実行結果]
65535 → 16
15 → 4
6 → 2
1 → 1
0 → 0
-1 → 1
-6 → 2
-15 → 4
-65535 → 16
11110408185131956285910790587176451918559153212268021823629073199866111001242743283966127048043 → 159